An extent is a contiguous area of a data file. When a data file is first created, it has one extent of the size you specified for the original file size. If the data file has to expand, another extent is created, which is probably not contiguous with the original file. Having multiple extents in a data file can negatively impact performance. The extent size is the amount of space on the disk that will be allocated when a new extent is created - so each time your datafile extends its size will increase by the extent size.