Here's one method:
(Requires Microsoft Scripting Runtime reference.)
Dim fso As FileSystemObject
Dim fl As File
Dim str as String
Set fso = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject"

For Each fl In fso.GetFolder("C:\Dropbox"

.Files
If Right(fl.Name, 3) = "xls" Then
str = Left(fl.Name, InStr(1, fl.Name, "."

- 1)
If InStr(1, Form_what.Combo9.RowSource, str) Then
Else
Form_<frmname>.<listboxctrl>.RowSource = Form_<frmname>.<listboxctrl>.RowSource & ";""" & str & """"
End If
End If
Next fl
'If Not Instr(...) Then' didn't work. That's why I said 'If Instr(...) Then Else'.