Algorithms are the coded solution of a specific problem.
In fact you could say a program itself is an algorithm
consisting of a multitude of other algorithms.
Algorithms you need not learn. They already exist and you
can use them.
So what you mean I think is how you can work on a specific
problem and create an algorithm.
But there's no general guideline for this.
There are different ways of sorting data, of retrieving data
from a file, of writing data to a file a.s.o.
The way they work depends on what YOU want them to do.
The algorithm should be on paper first, then you will do the
coding.