CHARACTERS() is equivalent to the ANSI SQL-99 function CHARACTER_LENGTH and returns the length of a string expression.
EXTRACT() is a ANSI SQL-99 function. It extracts a single specified field from any DateTime or
Interval value, converting it to an exact numeric value.
FULL JOIN is a susbstitute for the FULL OUTER JOIN ANSI SQL-99 clause.
( select A.*, B.* from A FULL OUTER JOIN B on A.ID=B.ID ) is something equivalent to ( select A.*, B.* from A LEFT OUTER JOIN B on A.ID=B.ID union select A.*, B.* from A RIGHT OUTER JOIN B on A.ID=B.ID )
UNION is a ANSI SQL-99 set operator that combines two or more SELECT results tables into a single result.